The aim was to compare the sensitivity of the individual tests and demonstrate their applicability to the estimation of toxicity of representatives of two major groups of textile dyes. pyriformis assays (Dias et al., 2003) including a number of different endpoints. capricornutum test (OECD, 1984) and various T. The work shows a comparative assessment of toxic effects of two azo- and two anthraquinone dyes using the kinetic modification of the bioluminescence assay with V. Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium has been widely used for studying genotoxicity of liquid waste, contaminated soil, sewage sludge and sediments (e.g. Tetrahymena pyriformis is a commonly used ciliated protist with various applicable endpoints (Sauvant et al., 1999) A battery of representative toxicological tests including morphological and physiological assays were used to provide complementary information for cytotoxicity on the ciliate T. The potential of ciliates in standard toxicity assays has been demonstrated in aquatic environments (Pauli et al., 1993). This organism is considered to be more sensitive than other standard test organisms to many common compounds (Geis et al., 2000). Selenastrum capricornutum, a most often used algal species, has been found to be sensitive to metals, herbicides and a number of organic chemicals (OECD, 1984, Janssen et al., 2000). Bioluminescence assay with Vibrio fischeri has become broadly used as a fast and reliable preliminary test for risk assessment (Bitton and Koopman, 1992). Reduced exploitation of experimental animals, low cost and rapid performance are the benefits that have made the in vitro toxicity techniques employing microorganisms increasingly used (Olabarrieta et al., 2001, Repetto et al., 2001). This compound was also found to be mutagenic in bacteria and thus the possibility of a genotoxic mechanism of cancer induction cannot be excluded (Atkins, 2000). Similarly, a carcinogenic effect of the anthraquinone derivative Disperse Blue 1, an agent causing induction of rat bladder tumors, was reported. Mutagenic effect of some textile anthraquinone dyes has been measured using Ames test (Tamaro et al., 1975). On the other hand, the correlation between exposure to aromatic amines and human cancer has been well established and documented to be a typical occupational risk (Cartwright, 1983). Majority of azo dyes require metabolic activation, namely reduction and cleavage of the azo bond to aromatic amines, to exhibit mutagenicity in in vitro test systems (Arcos and Argus, 1974, Chung, 1983). Its LD50 value exceeded 5000 mg kg −1 (Eurocolour, ETAD, VdMi, 2002).Ĭorrelation between the results of mutagenicity tests and carcinogenicity of azo dyes shown in animal experiments is rather poor. Pigment Red 177 classified as an anthraquinone pigment, widely used for coloration of plastics and industrial paints, has been mentioned as not being acutely toxic by the oral route. Much less information is available on toxicity of anthraquinone dyes. Algae are sensitive to dyes but the inhibitory effect is often related to light inhibition at high dye concentrations rather than a direct inhibitory effect of the dyes (Cleuvers et al., 2002). Non-ionic azo dyes are generally classified as toxic and potentially toxic (Ollgaard et al., 1998). Some acid, basic and direct azo dyes have been classified as acute toxic to toxic to fish, crustaceans, algae and bacteria, whereas reactive azo dyes have very high effective concentration (EC levels > 100 mg l −1) and thus are not considered to be toxic to aquatic organisms. However, their degradation products and impurities include aromatic amines that are compounds of concern due to their potential carcinogenicity. During textile processing, as much as 2–50% of the dyestuff applied may be lost to the wastewater ultimately released into the environment (O’Neill et al., 1999).Īcute toxicity of azo dyes measured by the EU criteria for classification of dangerous substances is rather low, amounting to LD50 values of 250–2000 mg per kg body weight (Clarke and Anliker, 1980). Anthraquinone dyes are used for coloration of cotton and cellulose fibres as well as of hydrophobic, synthetic materials (Kirk and Othmer, 1993). Azo dyes, widely used in textile industry, represent the largest and most versatile group whose share in industrial application amounts to some 70% of all dyestuffs consumed (Ollgaard et al., 1998). Dye production includes thousands of marketed organic colorants used for coloration of textiles, paper, leather, plastics and in specialized applications such as food, drug, cosmetic and photochemical productions (Zollinger, 1987).
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